http://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/issue/feedToxicology International2024-03-05T10:28:03+0530Milindmitra Lonare milindmitra@gmail.comOpen Journal Systems<div id="i-scholarabout"><img class="media-object" style="width: 222px; float: left; margin: 0px 16px 15px 20px;" src="https://informaticsjournals.com/public/journals/65/coverimage.jpg" /> <p><strong>Editor :</strong> Dr. Milindmitra K Lonare<br /><strong>Online ISSN :</strong> 0976-5131<br /><strong>Print ISSN :</strong> 0971-6580<br /><strong>Frequency :</strong> Quarterly<br /><strong>Publisher/s :</strong> Informatics Publishing Limited and The Society of Toxicology, India</p> <p>Toxicology International is a subscription access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research articles. The Journal Publication was Triannual and is now changed to Quarterly. The journal began publishing since 1994. Article Processing Charges are to be made only if the manuscript is accepted after Peer Review. If payment is made without acceptance confirmation, then the amount will not be refunded.</p> <span style="color: blue;">The Journal is Indexed in Scopus, WOS, EMBASE, NAAS Score 5.56, i-Scholar and J-gate, ICI</span><br /><a href="#" target="blank"><img src="https://www.informaticsjournals.com/public/journals/11/scopus.jpg" alt="" width="160" height="77" /></a><a href="http://naas.org.in/" target="blank"><img src="https://www.informaticsjournals.com/public/journals/11/NAAS.jpg" alt="" width="160" height="77" /></a><a href="#" target="blank"><img src="https://www.informaticsjournals.com/public/journals/11/web_of_science.png" alt="" width="160" height="77" /></a><a href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img style="width: 167px;" src="https://www.informaticsjournals.com/public/journals/17/UGC_CARE_LoGO.png" alt="" /></a><a href="#" target="blank"><img src="https://www.informaticsjournals.com/public/site/images/Embase.png" alt="" /></a><!--a><img src="https://www.informaticsjournals.com/public/site/images/ebsco.png" alt="" /></a--><a href="#" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://www.informaticsjournals.com/public/journals/17/rsz_1ici.png" alt="" /></a><a href="https://v2.sherpa.ac.uk/id/publication/39477" target="blank"><img src="https://www.informaticsjournals.com/public/site/images/sherp_romeo.png" alt="" width="156" height="74" /> </a><a href="https://jgateplus.com/" target="blank"><img style="font-size: 0.875rem;" src="https://www.srels.org/public/journals/57/jgate.png" alt="" width="160" height="77" /></a><a href="http://www.i-scholar.in/" target="blank"><img src="https://www.srels.org/public/journals/57/scholar.png" alt="" width="160" height="77" /></a></div>http://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/article/view/35349Acute Toxicity Study of Hexane Extract of <i>Sodhita Semecarpus anacardium</i> L. Drupe in Wistar Albino Rats and its Prediction Using <i>In-Silico</i> Tool2024-03-05T10:08:08+0530P. Gopinathgpharma24@gmail.comR. Arunadevi30aruna@gmail.com<p><em>Semecarpus anacardium</em> L. belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. Its drupe is widely used in Ayurvedic formulations after <em>sodhana</em> processing as it is listed under Schedule E1 of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940. In this study, <em>sodhita Semecarpus anacardium</em> L. drupe was extracted with n-hexane and the yield was found to be 56%. The extract was subjected to GCMS (Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry) analysis and its characteristics were studied using an <em>in silico</em> tool. Acute oral and dermal toxicity studies were performed on the Wistar albino rats as per the OECD 425 and 402 guidelines respectively. The GCMS data revealed the presence of C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (m/z: 222.1) with an abundance of 93.63%. The compound was predicted as potentially hazardous with a probable mutagenic category of ICH M7 class 3. An oxirane functional group of the compound was predicted to cause potent irritation properties to the eyes and skin with positive scores of 0.76 and 0.57 respectively. The LD<sub>50</sub> was found to be more than the limit dose of 2000mg/kg body weight upon oral administration. Acute dermal exposure at a limited dose of 2000mg/kg body weight did not cause mortality. However, inflammatory responses started appearing within 48 hours of exposure. Histopathology revealed mild dermal oedema, mild fibrosis, dilated follicles hyperplasia etc. No changes were found in haematological parameters. Inflammation and dermal allergic reactions were completely self-healed by the end of 14 days. The results suggest that the oil portion of the <em>sodhita</em> drupe possesses the irritant properties of the <em>Semecarpus anacardium</em>. It might be due to the presence of the compound C<sub>13</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O<sub>3</sub> with Oxirane as a functional group.</p>2024-02-28T00:00:00+0530Copyright (c) 2024 P. Gopinath, R. Arunadevihttp://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/article/view/34802Development and Validation of Simple and Stable LCMS Method for the Quantification of Potential Genotoxic Impurities in Ozenoxacin Pure Drug and its Commercial Preparations2024-03-05T10:22:06+0530P. G. Phaneendra Raosbattula2@gitam.eduBattula Sreenivasa Raosbattula2@gitam.eduNagulapati Manjula Bharathisbattula2@gitam.edu<p>Ozenoxacin is an antibiotic drug prescribed to treat various skin infections caused by various bacteria. Various chemical mechanisms such as stille coupling, Buchwald–Hartwig coupling, cyclization and saponification are involved during the process of synthesis of Ozenoxacin. In the process of synthesis, there is a possibility of the formation of related impurities and among them, some are genotoxic impurities. To date, in literature, there is no method reported for analysing Potential Genotoxic Impurities (PGIs) in Ozenoxacin and hence this study was initiated to develop an LCMS method for quantification of two genotoxic impurities of Ozenoxacin viz., nitroso impurity, ester impurity. The analytes were resolved on Alltima C18 column (150×4.6mm; 5 μm particle size) using 0.01 mM ammonium acetate at pH 4.8 and methanol in 80:20 (v/v) at 0.5 mL/min flow rate and 10 μ sample injection volume. The multiple reaction monitoring of the mass fragments confirms the parent ion at m/z of 364, 393 and 496 for Ozenoxacin, Nitroso and Ester impurity respectively with characteristic product ion at m/z 196. The method has a linearity range of 0.05 μg/mL to 1.0 μg/mL for three analytes with detection limits of 0.015, 0.011 and 0.015 μg/mL for Ester impurity, Ozenoxacin and Nitroso impurity respectively. The method was validated and produces acceptable results and can successfully separate the potential genotoxic impurities in spiked commercial samples. Based on the findings, it was concluded that this method can be practically useful for the identification and quantification of potential genotoxic impurities and may apply to the safe use of Ozenoxacin in clinical treatment.</p>2024-02-28T00:00:00+0530Copyright (c) 2024 P. G. Phaneendra Rao, Battula Sreenivasa Rao, Nagulapati Manjula Bharathihttp://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/article/view/35255Isotherm and Kinetic Studies on Adsorption of Yellow Azo Dyes (Sunset Yellow, Tartrazine) using <i>Kigelia africana</i> (Lam.) Benth., Leaf Extract Mediated Iron Nanoparticles2024-03-05T10:10:59+0530N. Usha Raninannapaneniusharani73@gmail.comK. Ramanjaneyulunannapaneniusharani73@gmail.comP. Pavaninannapaneniusharani73@gmail.comS. L. Tulasinannapaneniusharani73@gmail.com<p>Sunset yellow and tartrazine are commonly used azo dyes extensively employed in beverages and food products such as soda, fruit juices, confectionery, and cakes. These dyes hold the distinction of being the second and third most frequently utilized colour additives in a wide array of beverage products. The discharge of these synthetic food dyes into industrial wastewater can lead to significant environmental and health issues. Due to its aromatic structure, this dye is resistant to breaking down into harmless compounds, and its removal through effective adsorption presents an economical and efficient solution. The use of renewable bioresources for the eco-friendly production of metallic nanoparticles represents a recent and growing trend in nanotechnology research, offering enhanced environmental safety. In this current research, we achieved the green and cost-effective synthesis of monodispersed Iron Nanoparticles (FeNPs) with exceptional stability by utilizing an aqueous extract of <em>Kigelia africana</em> (Lam.) Benth is the primary bioresource for this synthesis. The FeNPs were noticed to be uniformly distributed spherical-shaped particles having smooth surfaces with a 26-34 nm size range and an average particle size of 28 ± 0.86 nm. The XRD results confirm that the FeNPs were rhombohedral phase structures with 71.43% of elemental iron. These synthesized nanoparticles were applied for the removal of sunset yellow and tartrazine dyes were investigated and more than 90% were removed. The adsorption isotherm study was best fitted with the Langmuir model, and the maximal adsorption capacity was found to be 76.29 and 47.22 mg/g for sunset yellow and tartrazine respectively. The adsorption reaction follows pseudo-first-order kinetics with a high correlation coefficient. Repeated cycles of regeneration, reuse and stability showed very high removal efficiency and stability. In conclusion, the biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles demonstrates substantial promise for applications in environmental protection.</p>2024-02-28T00:00:00+0530Copyright (c) 2024 N. Usha Rani, K. Ramanjaneyulu, P. Pavani, S. L. Tulasihttp://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/article/view/34774Evaluation of Anti-Asthmatic and <i>In Vitro</i> Anti-Oxidant Potential of <i>Tragia involucrata</i> Linn2024-03-05T10:25:13+0530M. Thenmozhithenprabhu2014@gmail.comGokul Marimuthuthenprabhu2014@gmail.comA. Krishnavenithenprabhu2014@gmail.comT. Venkata Rathina Kumarthenprabhu2014@gmail.comK. Muthukrishnanthenprabhu2014@gmail.com<p>The objective is to evaluate the <em>in vivo</em> anti-asthmatic and <em>in vitro</em> antioxidant potential of Hydroalcoholic Leaf Extract of <em>Tragia involucrata</em> (HAETI) on experimental animals. <em>In vivo</em> anti-asthmatic activity of HAETI was evaluated by Arachidonic acid-induced Leucocytosis and Eosinophilia in guinea pigs, Arachidonic acid-induced mast cell degranulation in guinea pigs, and Mast cell Degranulation studies. Parameters like hematological analysis, percentage protection against mast cell degranulation, and time of occurrence of Pre-Convulsion Dyspnea (PCD) were calculated as the end point of the study. Further sections of the lung were prepared for histopathology analysis. In addition, <em>in vitro</em>, anti-oxidant studies were carried out to determine the percentage of inhibition of HAETI on oxidative stress parameters. After the assigned treatment to the group of animals with HAETI showed normalized hematological parameters, the bronchodilatation effect was confirmed by a significant (p<0.001) increase in the latency time of Pre Convulsion Dyspnoea (PCD) and pre-treatment with HAETI in mast cell degranulation study showed significant (p<0.001) reduction in degranulation of mesenteric mast cell number. The histopathological analysis of lung sections showed a reduction of total histological score in HAETI-treated guinea pigs compared with the disease control group (p< 0.0001). Based on IC<sub>50</sub> values from <em>in vitro</em> assays, the free radical scavenging property of HAETI was confirmed due to the presence of active phytoconstituents. Based on the above findings, it was concluded that <em>Tragia involucrata</em> could be effectively used in the treatment of asthma and justified with traditional claims of the plant.</p>2024-02-28T00:00:00+0530Copyright (c) 2024 M. Thenmozhi, Gokul Marimuthu, A. Krishnaveni, T. Venkata Rathina Kumar, K. Muthukrishnanhttp://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/article/view/35473Neurotoxic Effects of Imidacloprid on <i>Pethia conchonius</i> (Rosy Barb), a Common Freshwater Fish of India2024-03-05T09:57:38+0530Debojit Duttars_debojit@nbu.ac.inArpita Rayrs_arpita@nbu.ac.inEsha Bhattacharyaeshabhattacharya2000@gmail.comBappaditya Ghoshbappadityansd@gmail.comMin Bahadurmin.b@rediffmail.com<p>Insecticides are essential to control arthropod pests in agriculture. However, due to their stability and extended half-lives, they contaminate freshwater aquatic systems like lakes, ponds, and rivers by surface run-offs and leaching. Neonicotinoids are a globally used agricultural pesticides that act as an agonist to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChRs) and are known to have harmful effects on non-target organisms like fish. This study aimed to determine the neurotoxic, behavioural, and histopathological effect of three sub-lethal concentrations (SLC I, SLC II, and SLC III) of Imidacloprid (IMI), a neonicotinoid, on the freshwater fish <em>Pethia conchonius</em>. Fish were exposed to IMI for 96 hr, during which their behaviour was recorded, and the brain tissues were collected at 24 hr intervals. Compared to the control group, the IMI-exposed fish showed changes in behaviour, such as jerky, erratic swimming, disequilibrium, and mucus secretion. A significant decrease in Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and histopathological damage were recorded in the brain tissues. The severity of damage and decline in activity was both concentration and time-dependent. The AChE inhibition was observed for SLC III after 96 hr (33.70±2.52) compared to control at 96 hr (84.63±4.25). The optic tectum showed detachment in its layers along with necrosis, and vacuolation. The results indicate that IMI is highly neurotoxic which not only inhibits AChE activity but also causes neural damage in the brain leading to a wide range of behavioural alterations.</p>2024-02-28T00:00:00+0530Copyright (c) 2024 Debojit Dutta, Arpita Ray, Esha Bhattacharya, Bappaditya Ghosh, Min Bahadurhttp://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/article/view/34819Impact of Perinatal Arsenic Exposure on Amino Acid Neurotransmitters and Bioenergetics Molecules in the Hippocampus of Rats2024-03-05T10:19:32+0530Lalit P. Chandravanshichandravanshi04@gmail.comRajendra K. Shuklarazshukla@gmail.comPrashant K. Agrawalprashant.agrawal@sharda.ac.inRicha Guptaricha1771@gmail.comHany W. Darwishchandravanshi04@gmail.com<p>Developmental neurotoxicity of Arsenic (As) is a major concern worldwide. High level As exposure is associated with several chronic diseases including adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. However, very a lack of information on its ability to impair neurodevelopment at lower exposure. To date, there are very few animal studies during the perinatal period of As exposure. Although exposure to As induces developmental neurotoxicity, there is a lack of data regarding its specific effects on amino acid neurotransmitters and bioenergetics biomolecules in the hippocampus of developing rats exposed to As during the perinatal period (GD6-PD21). In continuation of previous studies, rats were exposed to As from gestational day (GD 6) through PD 21 with targeted doses of 0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg/day, respectively. HPLC-UV method was used to estimate the level of amino acid neurotransmitters (aspartate, glutamate, homocysteine, glutamine, serine, and glycine) and the level of Adenosine 5’-Triphosphate (ATP), Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP), Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP), Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN), Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD<sup>+</sup>), reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH) in the hippocampus of rats after the exposure of As. Amino acid neurotransmitter levels, a predictive biomarker of As-induced developmental neurotoxicity were found to be altered. ATP, ADP, and AMP were also significantly impaired in the hippocampus of As-exposed rats. We have observed that the hippocampus is susceptible to As toxicity, both because of the high energy depletion and the alterations in the levels of selected amino acid neurotransmitters. Taken together, our results indicate that perinatal As exposure appears to be critical and vulnerable.</p>2024-02-28T00:00:00+0530Copyright (c) 2024 Lalit P. Chandravanshi, Rajendra K. Shukla, Prashant K. Agrawal, Richa Gupta, Hany W. Darwishhttp://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/article/view/30794Qualitative Phytochemical Screening, Fatty Acid Profile and Biological Studies of the Bark of <i>Mallotus nudiflorus</i> (Pitali) Plant2024-03-05T10:28:03+0530Sauda Sulatana Mimisaudamimi1549@gmail.comMohammad Mahmudul Hasanhasan.chemistry@du.ac.bdMd. Hasanur Rahmanhasanur@du.ac.bdTofail Ahmad Chowdhurytofailac@yahoo.com<p>In the present study, the <em>Mallotus nudiflorus</em> (L.) plant has been taken to determine the<em> in-vitro</em> analysis to find out the therapeutic value. The bioassays of the raw extract of methanol of bark of <em>M. nudiflorus</em> and by Kupchan’s extraction method collecting n-Hexane (HEX), Dichloromethane (DCM), Chloroform (CHCl<sub>3</sub>), Ethylacetate (EA) and Aqueous (AQ) fractions were scrutinized to find out its therapeutic value. The findings of phytochemical screening of the methanol extract of barks revealed the presence of several secondary metabolites. By using the GC-FID method the result showed that <em>M. nudiflorus</em> contained four bound fatty acids and four free fatty acids. EA fraction had the maximum phenolic content among all the fractions at (133.67±0.99) mg of GAE/g where the Folin- Ciocalteu reagent was used as an oxidizing agent. The antioxidant activity was measured in terms of its ability to scavenge free radicals (DPPH assay). Among all extractives, the greatest ability to scavenge for free radicals was shown by EA extract with an IС<sub>50</sub> value (12.08±0.15) μg/ml. In the toxicity of brine shrimp test, the HEX fraction had the maximum toxicity with an LC<sub>50</sub> value of (0.12±0.01) μg/ml. Cell cytotoxicity was observed for sample CHCl<sub>3</sub> and EA on both the Vero (kidney epithelial cells taken from an African green monkey) and HeLa (a human cervical cancer cell) cell line. All the fractions were subjected to<em> in vitro</em> microbial screening, which revealed that DCM, CHCl<sub>3</sub>, and EA fractions showed growth inhibition, particularly against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by disc diffusion method. The maximum zone of inhibition in the antimicrobial activity was produced by CHCl<sub>3</sub> fraction against <em>Staphylococcus aureu</em>s (17 mm). The results of<em> in vitro</em> experiments have demonstrated that the extracts from the barks of <em>M. nudiflorus</em> have great potential for medicinal uses and might be studied for further chemical exploration.</p>2024-02-28T00:00:00+0530Copyright (c) 2024 Toxicology Internationalhttp://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/article/view/34886Disposition Kinetics and Tissue Distribution of Titanium Dioxide (TiO<sub>2</Sub>) Nanoparticles Following Single Exposure in Male Wistar Rats2024-03-05T10:16:33+0530G. R. Shivaprasadpnadoor@rediffmail.comNadoor Prakashpnadoor@rediffmail.comPrashant Kumar Waghepnadoor@rediffmail.comB. H. Pavithrapnadoor@rediffmail.comC. R. Santhoshpnadoor@rediffmail.comRashmi Rajashekaraiahpnadoor@rediffmail.comY. Muralidharpnadoor@rediffmail.comT. N. V. K. V. Prasadpnadoor@rediffmail.comU. Sunilchandrapnadoor@rediffmail.comM. Vijaykumarpnadoor@rediffmail.comS. S. Manjunathpnadoor@rediffmail.comK. Vaibhavipnadoor@rediffmail.com<p>Titanium Dioxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) nanoparticles are one among the several environmental contaminants essentially due to their widespread applications in food, medicine, cosmetics, electronics, and several other applications. The current experimental study was undertaken to determine the toxicokinetic variables and tissue distribution profile of titanium (Ti) following single intraperitoneal (i.p) administration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs) in male Wistar rats. The T<sub>max(obs.)</sub>, C<sub>max (obs.)</sub>, the elimination half-life (t<sub>1/2k10</sub>), the area under the curve (AUC<sub>0-336</sub>), and AUC<sub>0-∞</sub> of TiO<sub>2</sub> following single i.p administration of TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs in whole blood was 0.5h, 0.26 ± 0.03 μg.ml-l, 486.31 ± 39.66 h, 48.81 ± 0.54 μg/ml*h and 128.28 ± 7.17 μg/ml*h, respectively. The mean Titanium (Ti) concentration ratio for tissue(s)- to whole blood measured at 336 h as well as the C<sub>max(obs.)</sub> was in the order of liver > spleen > lung > kidney > testis > brain following single i.p administration. The elimination half-life (t<sub>1/2k10</sub>) was in the order of spleen > kidney > liver > lung. The toxicokinetic and tissue distribution profile TiO<sub>2</sub> NPs thus derived would serve as baseline data to execute long-term studies with toxicoepidemiological relevant concentration so as to re-visit safety pharmacology governing TiO<sub>2</sub> -nanoparticles exposure from various sources including pharmaceuticals.</p>2024-02-28T00:00:00+0530Copyright (c) 2024 G. R. Shivaprasad, Nadoor Prakash, Prashant Kumar Waghe, B. H. Pavithra, C. R. Santhosh, Rashmi Rajashekaraiah, Y. Muralidhar, T. N. V. K. V. Prasad, U. Sunilchandra, M. Vijaykumar, S. S. Manjunath, K. Vaibhavihttp://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/article/view/35180Determination of Lethal Dose of Disodium 5’ Ribonucleotide (E635) on Embryonic Development of <i>Gallus gallus</i>2024-03-05T10:13:18+0530Shaiba Iqbal Sharikmaslatshaiba5@ymail.comNitin Anandrao Kamblenak_zoo@unishivaji.ac.in<p>Disodium 5’ Ribonucleotide (E635), a food additive, has FDA safety, but concerns about its potential toxicity in developmental biology have been raised due to limited research on its lethal effects. The present research aimed to investigate the lethal dose of E635 when induced into a vertebrate chick embryo model. Pilot doses of E635 ranging from 1 μg- 400 μg per egg were inoculated. Consequently, fertilized chick eggs were randomly assigned to 6 groups, including 1 control and 5 differently intoxicated groups of E635 doses per egg. E635 was induced in eggs by <em>in vivo</em> administration and incubated for up to 15 days. LD50 was determined by using probit analysis in SPSS. The study showed morphological, physiological and survival alterations. A dose-dependent mortality was observed by E635 induction in the present study. The results were interpreted for functional and biological changes in the developing embryo of <em>Gallus gallus</em> to confirm the induced toxicity. LD50 of E635 on chick embryo was found to be 0.054 μg per egg.</p>2024-02-28T00:00:00+0530Copyright (c) 2024 Shaiba Iqbal Sharikmaslat, Nitin Anandrao Kamblehttp://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/article/view/35720Ovarian Histological Analysis of <i>Anabas testudineus</i> as a Marker for Pesticide Residue Analysis in Freshwater Ecosystems2024-03-05T09:55:00+0530Bindu Vijayakumari Sudhakarandrvsbindu@gmail.comS. Sujabindu_sajiv@yahoo.co.in<p>In response to the increasing need for sustenance for the global human population, agricultural areas have witnessed the widespread application of pesticides. However, this practice has led to the subsequent runoff to the neighbouring water bodies, ultimately contributing to the degradation of ecosystems. The primary objective of this study is to examine the detrimental impacts on the histological structure of the ovary in <em>Anabas testudineus</em> fish species when exposed to both the 96-hour Lethal Concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) and sublethal concentration of endosulfan (one-tenth of 96-hour LC<sub>50</sub>) over 30 days. After the exposure period, live fish were sacrificed and ovaries were dissected, pooled and fixed for routine histological procedures. After being subjected to the median lethal concentration for 96 hours, the pesticide-induced adverse alterations in the structure of the ovaries were studied. The ovaries of <em>A. testudineus</em> exhibited nuclear retraction, free floating follicular lining, adhesion between ovarian follicles, and an elevated count of atretic oocytes following exposure to a sublethal dosage for 30 days. Histopathological investigations provide a helpful means for assessing the ecotoxicity of diverse chemicals, offering significant insights into the adverse effects resulting from the unwise and indiscriminate application of pesticides in agricultural settings. This study reveals the toxicity of organochlorine pesticide endosulfan on the female reproductive system of <em>A. testudineus</em> which directly affects the development and reproduction of fish.</p>2024-02-28T00:00:00+0530Copyright (c) 2024 Bindu Vijayakumari Sudhakaran, S. Sujahttp://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/article/view/35855<i>Avena sativa’s</i> Therapeutic Potential: Exploring Antiasthmatic Effects in Guinea Pig Asthma Model2024-03-05T09:46:44+0530Anil Kumar Yerragopuanilkumar.yarragopu@gmail.comV. L. Anushaanushapharmacy90@gmail.comShaik Aslamanilkumar.yarragopu@gmail.comA. Rajeshanilkumar.yarragopu@gmail.comY. Sirishaanilkumar.yarragopu@gmail.comA. L. Harinianilkumar.yarragopu@gmail.comShaik Faizan Alianilkumar.yarragopu@gmail.com<p><em>Avena sativa</em> (oat) has emerged as a potential therapeutic candidate for asthma, a global health challenge characterized by chronic airway inflammation. This research investigates the anti-asthmatic potential of the Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of <em>Avena sativa</em> (HAEAS) in a guinea pig asthma model induced by histamine and ovalbumin. The study explores the influence of HAEAS on oxidative stress markers, leucocytes, eosinophils, and histopathological changes in lung tissues. Results reveal that HAEAS, particularly at 400 mg/kg, significantly increases the latent period and percentage protection in histamine induced bronchospasm. In ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs, HAEAS demonstrates a notable reduction in total leucocyte count, eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Moreover, HAEAS exhibits antioxidative effects by increasing superoxide dismutase levels and decreasing malondialdehyde levels. Histopathological analysis demonstrates a decrease in inflammatory cell infiltration, hyperplasia, and bronchoconstriction. This study highlights the potential of <em>Avena sativa</em> as a novel therapeutic avenue for asthma, offering anti-inflammatory and antioxidant benefits.</p>2024-02-28T00:00:00+0530Copyright (c) 2024 Anil Kumar Yerragopu, V. L. Anusha, Shaik Aslam, A. Rajesh, Y. Sirisha, A. L. Harini, Shaik Faizan Alihttp://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/article/view/35423Formulation and Evaluation of Topical Delivery Diosgenin Emulgel for Diabetic Wounds2024-03-05T10:05:24+0530Deepali Lanjekardeepali121098@gmail.comMalati Salunkemalatisalunke20@gmail.comAshwin Maliashwinjmali@rediffmail.comAmol Muthalshrirampmuthal@gmail.comVaibhav Shindevaibhavshinde847@gmail.com<p>A variety of cellular processes work together in a highly coordinated manner to facilitate a complex and dynamic process of wound healing ensuring the efficient restoration of injured tissue. Diosgenin, a plant sterol saponin is primarily found in various plants. The aim of this research was to create an emulgel containing Diosgenin and examine its effects on wound healing in diabetic rats with excision wounds. Histopathological findings further supported the efficacy of the emulgel and results indicate that the application of Diosgenin Emulgel (DE) shows an effective approach for healing of diabetic wounds. The objective of the research stands to explore the possibility of formulation development and wound-healing capabilities of DE. The study evaluated the wound healing effects of the DE in Streptozotocin-induced (STZ) (55 mg/kg) given by intraperitoneal route diabetes and control group. The emulgel was topically applied to assess its effectiveness in promoting wound healing. The application of DE on the rat wounds resulted in a notable wound closure within a 21-day period and significant epithelization was observed with p < 0.001. The study concluded that the formulation demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in promoting the functional recovery of diabetic wounds.</p>2024-02-28T00:00:00+0530Copyright (c) 2024 Deepali Lanjekar, Malati Salunke, Ashwin Mali, Amol Muthal, Vaibhav Shindehttp://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/article/view/35749Cardioprotective Potential of <i>Albizzia lebbeck</i>: Insights Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats2024-03-05T09:51:49+0530V. L. Anushaanushapharmacy90@gmail.comAnil Kumar Yerragopuanilkumar.yarragopu@gmail.comN. Sai Kirananilkumar.yarragopu@gmail.comA. Rajeshrajuph111@gmail.comY. Sirishasirishayadla78@gmail.comA. L. Harinianilkumar.yarragopu@gmail.com<p>This study investigates the cardioprotective potential of <em>Albizzia lebbec</em>k (Shirish) ethanol leaf extract against Isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in Wistar albino rats. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are a major global health concern, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. <em>A. lebbeck</em>, a medicinal plant with documented pharmacological activities, has not been scientifically studied for its cardioprotective properties. The research utilised a rat model of ISO-induced myocardial infarction, a well-established experimental approach to study preventive effects on myocardial damage. The study included the isolation and preparation of <em>A. lebbeck</em> ethanol leaf extract (MEAL) and its administration at different doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) to ISO-treated rats. Various parameters, including relative organ weight, cardiac biomarkers (cTnI, LDH, CK-MB), total proteins, oxidative stress markers (SOD, MDA), and histopathological changes, were assessed. The results revealed that ISO administration induced cardiac hypertrophy, increased serum biomarkers, and oxidative stress, indicating myocardial damage. Treatment with MEAL, especially at the higher dose (400 mg/kg), significantly mitigated these effects. MEAL administration reduced the heart-to-body weight ratio, normalised serum biomarkers, restored endogenous antioxidant enzyme levels, and showed a protective effect against structural damage in histopathological examination. In conclusion, <em>A. lebbeck</em> ethanol leaf extract demonstrated significant cardioprotective effects against ISO-induced myocardial infarction in rats. These findings suggest the potential of <em>A. lebbeck</em> as a natural therapeutic agent for preventing or ameliorating cardiac damage associated with stress-induced conditions. Further research is warranted to elucidate the specific mechanisms underlying its cardioprotective properties and explore its potential clinical applications.</p>2024-02-28T00:00:00+0530Copyright (c) 2024 V. L. Anusha, Anil Kumar Yerragopu, N. Sai Kiran, A. Rajesh, Y. Sirisha, A. L. Harinihttp://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/article/view/35927Description of Acute Toxicity of Zuriat Fruit Seed Extract (<i>Hyphaene thebaica</i> (L.) Mart.) in Mice2024-03-04T13:46:42+0530Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitanruqiah.gpp@fkip.untan.ac.idAriesta Albriyantiariesta@student.untan.ac.idHayatul Fajrihayatul.fajri@fkip.untan.ac.id<p>This study aims to determine the acute toxicity of administering Zuriat seed extract. This study used 20 male mice, divided randomly into 4 groups, namely the group given Zuriat seed extract at a dose of 0.252 mg/20 g body weight; 2.52 mg/20 g body weight; 25.2 mg/20 g body weight; and 252 mg/20 g body weight. After being given a single dose, observations were carried out for 24 hours to see the number of deaths and toxic symptoms, and further observations were carried out for 7 consecutive days on mice that were still alive. Then the relative weights of mice’s stomach, lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys were calculated and the LD<sub>50</sub> dose categories were analysed. The results of the study showed that within 24 hours, death occurred in the 2.52 mg/20 g body weight group of 3 mice; 25.2 mg/20 g body weight for 4 mice; and a dose of 252 mg/20 g body weight for 5 mice. Before they died, the mice experienced toxic symptoms. Follow-up observations for 7 days showed no toxic symptoms in each group. In measuring the relative weight of organs, it was found that the dose of Zuriat seed extract did not affect the relative weight of the organs of the stomach, lungs, heart, liver, and kidneys of mice. The LD<sub>50</sub> value category for Zuriat seed extract is moderately toxic. It concluded that administration of Zuriat seed extract at a dose of more than 0.252 mg/20 g body weight is moderately toxic to the animals.</p>2024-02-28T00:00:00+0530Copyright (c) 2024 Ruqiah Ganda Putri Panjaitan, Ariesta Albriyanti, Hayatul Fajrihttp://www.informaticsjournals.com/index.php/toxi/article/view/35452Hepatoprotective Activity of <i>Flueggea virosa</i> Against d-Galactosamine Induced Liver Damage in Rats2024-03-05T10:01:36+0530G. Dayanand Reddydayanandscri@gmail.comR. Ganesanbcd.scri@gmail.comJ. Kowsalyajkowsalya8@yahoo.comShahana Ahamedshanaahmed57@gmail.comA. Arshad Aliarshadarz@gmail.comSunil Kumar Podhsunilkumar.podh@gmail.com<p><em>Flueggea virosa</em> belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae, commonly known as White berry bush was traditionally used for the treatment of rheumatism, sterility, and rashes, and an infusion of the root is taken to relieve malaria. The study was intended to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of hydroethanolic extract of the roots of <em>Flueggea virosa</em> (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) against d-Galactosamine-induced liver damage in rats. Silymarin (100 mg/kg) was used as a reference drug. Blood samples were collected after 24 h for haematological and biochemical investigation before the rats were euthanized, and liver samples were taken for histopathology. Oral administration of the HEFV at a dose of 200 mg/kg displayed a significant hepatorenal protective effect against d-Galactosamine by lowering liver biomarkers (SGPT, SGOT, and ALP), kidney biomarker levels (urea and creatinine) and hematological parameters when compared with the disease control group. These findings were strongly supported by the histopathological results of liver sections with fewer pathological changes in comparison with the group treated by the standard drug silymarin and verified the protective effect of the plant extract. The LCMS report of the extract revealed the presence of hepatoprotective ingredients like Tocopherol, Fraxetin, Glaucine, Kaempferol, Methicillin, Capsaicin, and Austinol in the hydroethanolic extract of <em>Flueggea virosa</em> root. The results show that the selected dose of <em>Flueggea virosa</em> (200 and 400 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent hepatoprotective effects on d-Galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The protection of <em>Flueggea virosa</em> against d-Galactosamine-induced liver damage and restoration of biochemical values could result from the content of tocopherols and tetrahydroxy flavones.</p>2024-02-28T00:00:00+0530Copyright (c) 2024 G. Dayanand Reddy, R. Ganesan, J. Kowsalya, Shahana Ahamed, A. Arshad Ali, Sunil Kumar Podh