Production and Characterization of Hydrochar and Biocrude of Yard Waste from Tectona Grandis Using Hydrothermal Carbonization

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Authors

  • Abhilash. N
     Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Department, MSRUAS, Bengaluru , Karnataka ,IN
  • Pavan Kumar Reddy
     Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Department, MSRUAS, Bengaluru , Karnataka ,IN
  • Pritam Bhat
     Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Department, MSRUAS, Bengaluru , Karnataka ,IN
  • Ananth S. Iyengar
     Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Department, MSRUAS, Bengaluru , Karnataka ,IN

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2022/31224

Keywords:

Hydrochar, FTIR, SEM, HTC.

Abstract

Research on the study of tectona grandis for adsorption of dyes, extraction of chemicals dissolved in it for pharma industries is studied from many years. Few researchers have explored the use of tectona grandis in thermo-chemical process such as torrefaction, and pyrolysis. But the study to use of Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) to convert leaf litter to value added products of tectona grandis for varying process conditions is not performed. This research is focused to ascertain the role of HTC process parameters on hydrochar and biocrude produced from tectona grandis leaf litter. HTC experiments were conducted in a batch reactor. Various process parameters such as temperature and residence time which affects the yield of hydrochar is reported. HTC of yard waste is carried out at 210oC for a residence time of 20 min in a batch reactor which gives the hydrochar yield of 65% with higher heating value of 26.63 MJ/kg. Characterization of hydrochar performed with proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, SEM and FTIR showed that hydrochar properties are better compared to feedstock properties which can be effectively used as solid fuel. The liquid bio crude separated from solid hydrochar is analyzed using UV spectroscopy. It is found to contain the compounds such as 5-HMF, dibenzofuran, naphthalene and anthracene.

 

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Published

2023-03-15

How to Cite

N, A., Reddy, P. K., Bhat, P., & Iyengar, A. S. (2023). Production and Characterization of Hydrochar and Biocrude of Yard Waste from Tectona Grandis Using Hydrothermal Carbonization. Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, 70(10A), 180–189. https://doi.org/10.18311/jmmf/2022/31224

Issue

Volume 70, Issue 10A, October 2022

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Articles

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Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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References

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Channiwala, S. A., and P. P. Parikh. 2002. “A Unified Correlation for Estimating HHV of Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Fuels.” Fuel 81 (8): 1051–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00131-4.

Devadiga, Aishwarya, K. Vidya Shetty, and M. B. Saidutta. 2015. “Timber Industry Waste-Teak (Tectona Grandis Linn.) Leaf Extract Mediated Synthesis of Antibacterial Silver Nanoparticles.” International Nano Letters 5 (4): 205–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-015-0157-4.

Egunjobi, J. K. 1974. “Litter Fall and Mineralization in a Teak Tectona Grandis Stand.” Oikos 25 (2): 222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3543646.

He, Chao, Chunyan Tang, Chuanhao Li, Jihui Yuan, Khanh Quang Tran, Quang Vu Bach, Rongliang Qiu, and Yanhui Yang. 2018. “Wet Torrefaction of Biomass for High Quality Solid Fuel Production: A Review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.097.

Hudz, Nataliia, Dmytro Leontiev, and Piotr P. Wieczorek. 2019. “Spectral Characteristics of 5-Hydroxymethyl- Furfural as a Related Substance in Medicinal Products Containing Glucose.” Pharmacia 66 (3): 121–25. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.66.e35969.

Inoue, Seiichi, Toshiaki Hanaoka, and Tomoaki Minowa. 2002. “Hot Compressed Water Treatmentfor Production of Charcoal from Wood.” Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan 35 (10): 1020–23. https://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.35.1020.

Kambo, Harpreet Singh, and Animesh Dutta. 2014. “Strength, Storage, and Combustion Characteristics of Densified Lignocellulosic Biomass Produced via Torrefaction and Hydrothermal Carbonization.” Applied Energy 135: 182–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.094.

Kang, Shimin, Xianglan Li, Juan Fan, and Jie Chang. 2012. “Characterization of Hydrochars Produced by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Lignin, Cellulose, d-Xylose, and Wood Meal.” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 51 (26): 9023–31. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie300565d.

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Nomura, Takashi, Eiji Minami, and Haruo Kawamoto. 2020. “Carbonization of Cellulose Cell Wall Evaluated with Ultraviolet Microscopy.” RSC Advances 10 (13): 7460–67. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09435k.

Oliveira, Ivo, Dennis Blöhse, and Hans Günter Ramke. 2013. “Hydrothermal Carbonization of Agricultural Residues.” Bioresource Technology 142 (August): 138–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.125.

Oyelude, Emmanuel O., Johannes A.M. Awudza, and Sylvester K. Twumasi. 2018. “Removal of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Pulverized Teak Leaf Litter: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies.” Chemistry Central Journal 12 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-018-0448-8.

Pachas, A. N.A., S. Sakanphet, S. Midgley, and M. Dieters. 2019. “Teak (Tectona Grandis) Silviculture and Research: Applications for Smallholders in Lao PDR.” Australian Forestry 82 (sup1): 94–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2019.1610215.

Palanisamy, K., Maheshwar Hegde, and Jae-Seon Yi. 2009. “Teak (Tectona Grandis Linn. f.): A Renowned Commercial Timber Species.” Journal of Forest and Environmental Science 25 (1): 1–24.

Pauline, A. Leena, and Kurian Joseph. 2020. “Hydrothermal Carbonization of Organic Wastes to Carbonaceous Solid Fuel – A Review of Mechanisms and Process Parameters.” Fuel 279 (July): 118472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118472.

Ramke, Hans-Günter, Dennis Blöhse, Hans-Joachim Lehmann, Joachim Fettig, and Professor Dr-Ing Hans-Günter Ramke. 2009. “Hydrothermal Carbonization of Organic Waste.”

Sevilla, Marta, Juan Antonio Maciá-Agulló, and Antonio B. Fuertes. 2011. “Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass as a Route for the Sequestration of CO2: Chemical and Structural Properties of the Carbonized Products.” Biomass and Bioenergy 35 (7): 3152–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.04.032.

Sharma, Hari Bhakta, and Brajesh K. Dubey. 2020. “Co-Hydrothermal Carbonization of Food Waste with Yard Waste for Solid Biofuel Production: Hydrochar Characterization and Its Pelletization.” Waste Management 118: 521–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.009.

Sharma, Hari Bhakta, Sagarika Panigrahi, and Brajesh K. Dubey. 2019. “Hydrothermal Carbonization of Yard Waste for Solid Bio-Fuel Production: Study on Combustion Kinetic, Energy Properties, Grindability and Flowability of Hydrochar.” Waste Management 91: 108–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.056.

Sharma, Hari Bhakta, Ajit K. Sarmah, and Brajesh Dubey. 2020. “Hydrothermal Carbonization of Renewable Waste Biomass for Solid Biofuel Production: A Discussion on Process Mechanism, the Influence of Process Parameters, Environmental Performance and Fuel Properties of Hydrochar.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 123 (May 2019): 109761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109761.

Singhvi, Mamata S., and Digambar V. Gokhale. 2019. “Lignocellulosic Biomass: Hurdles and Challenges in Its Valorization.” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 103 (23–24): 9305–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10212-7.

Sreejesh KK, Thomas TP, Rugmini P, Prasanth KM, and Kripa PK. 2012. “Carbon Sequestration Potential of Teak (Tectona Grandis) Plantations in Kerala.” Research Journal of Recent Sciences Res. J. Recent. Sci. 2: 167–70.

Tarasov, Dmitry, Mathew Leitch, and Pedram Fatehi. 2018. “Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes: Properties, Applications, Analyses, and Methods of Extraction: A Review.” Biotechnology for Biofuels 11 (1): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1262-1.

Tewari, Vindhya Prasad, Juan Gabriel Álvarez-González, and Oscar García. 2014. “Developing a Dynamic Growth Model for Teak Plantations in India.” Forest Ecosystems 1 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/2197-5620-1-9.

Wang, Tengfei, Yunbo Zhai, Yun Zhu, Caiting Li, and Guangming Zeng. 2018. “A Review of the Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass Waste for Hydrochar Formation: Process Conditions, Fundamentals, and Physicochemical Properties.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 90 (February): 223–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.071.

Wang, Tengfei, Yunbo Zhai, Yun Zhu, Chuan Peng, Bibo Xu, Tao Wang, Caiting Li, and Guangming Zeng. 2017. “Acetic Acid and Sodium Hydroxide-Aided Hydrothermal Carbonization of Woody Biomass for Enhanced Pelletization and Fuel Properties.” Energy and Fuels 31 (11): 12200–208. https://doi.org/10.1021/ cs.energyfuels.7b01881.

Wiboonsirikul, Jintana, and Shuji Adachi. 2008. “Extraction of Functional Substances from Agricultural Products or By-Products by Subcritical Water Treatment.” Food Science and Technology Research. Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.3136/fstr.14.319.

Yao, Zhongliang, and Xiaoqian Ma. 2018. “Characteristics of Co-Hydrothermal Carbonization on Polyvinyl Chloride Wastes with Bamboo.” Bioresource Technology 247 (September): 302–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.098.

Zhang, Junhua, Junke Li, Yanjun Tang, and Guoxin Xue. 2013. “Rapid Method for the Determination of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Levulinic Acid Using a Double-Wavelength Uv Spectroscopy.” The Scientific World Journal 2013 (Ic). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/ 506329.

Zhang, Nan, Guangwei Wang, Jianliang Zhang, Xiaojun Ning, Yanjiang Li, Wang Liang, and Chuan Wang. 2020. “Study on Co-Combustion Characteristics of Hydrochar and Anthracite Coal.” Journal of the Energy Institute 93 (3): 1125–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2019.10.006.

Adu, Joseph K., Cedric D.K. Amengor, Emmanuel Orman, Nurudeen Mohammed Ibrahim, Maryjane O. Ifunanya, and Dylan F. Arthur. 2019. “Development and Validation of UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Method for the Determination of 5-Hydroxymethyl Furfural Content in Canned Malt Drinks and Fruit Juices in Ghana.” Journal of Food Quality 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1467053. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1467053

Calucci, Lucia, Daniel P. Rasse, and Claudia Forte. 2013. “Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Characterization of Chars Obtained from Hydrothermal Carbonization of Corncob and Miscanthus.” Energy and Fuels 27 (1): 303–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef3017128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ef3017128

Channiwala, S. A., and P. P. Parikh. 2002. “A Unified Correlation for Estimating HHV of Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Fuels.” Fuel 81 (8): 1051–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00131-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-2361(01)00131-4

Devadiga, Aishwarya, K. Vidya Shetty, and M. B. Saidutta. 2015. “Timber Industry Waste-Teak (Tectona Grandis Linn.) Leaf Extract Mediated Synthesis of Antibacterial Silver Nanoparticles.” International Nano Letters 5 (4): 205–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-015-0157-4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40089-015-0157-4

Egunjobi, J. K. 1974. “Litter Fall and Mineralization in a Teak Tectona Grandis Stand.” Oikos 25 (2): 222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3543646. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3543646

He, Chao, Chunyan Tang, Chuanhao Li, Jihui Yuan, Khanh Quang Tran, Quang Vu Bach, Rongliang Qiu, and Yanhui Yang. 2018. “Wet Torrefaction of Biomass for High Quality Solid Fuel Production: A Review.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.097. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.097

Hudz, Nataliia, Dmytro Leontiev, and Piotr P. Wieczorek. 2019. “Spectral Characteristics of 5-Hydroxymethyl- Furfural as a Related Substance in Medicinal Products Containing Glucose.” Pharmacia 66 (3): 121–25. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.66.e35969. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.66.e35969

Inoue, Seiichi, Toshiaki Hanaoka, and Tomoaki Minowa. 2002. “Hot Compressed Water Treatmentfor Production of Charcoal from Wood.” Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan 35 (10): 1020–23. https://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.35.1020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1252/jcej.35.1020

Kambo, Harpreet Singh, and Animesh Dutta. 2014. “Strength, Storage, and Combustion Characteristics of Densified Lignocellulosic Biomass Produced via Torrefaction and Hydrothermal Carbonization.” Applied Energy 135: 182–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.094. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.094

Kang, Shimin, Xianglan Li, Juan Fan, and Jie Chang. 2012. “Characterization of Hydrochars Produced by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Lignin, Cellulose, d-Xylose, and Wood Meal.” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 51 (26): 9023–31. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie300565d. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ie300565d

Liu, Zhengang, Augustine Quek, S. Kent Hoekman, and R. Balasubramanian. 2013. “Production of Solid Biochar Fuel from Waste Biomass by Hydrothermal Carbonization.” Fuel 103: 943–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.07.069. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2012.07.069

Malico, Isabel, Ricardo Nepomuceno Pereira, Ana Cristina Gonçalves, and Adélia M.O. Sousa. 2019. “Current Status and Future Perspectives for Energy Production from Solid Biomass in the European Industry.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 112 (June): 960–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.06.022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.06.022

MNRE, GOI. 2020. “MNRE Annual Report 2019 - 2020.” Annual Report.

Mochidzuki, Kazuhiro, Nobuaki Sato, and Akiyoshi Sakoda. 2005. “Production and Characterization of Carbonaceous Adsorbents from Biomass Wastes by Aqueous Phase Carbonization.” Adsorption. Vol. 11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-005-6004-6

Nomura, Takashi, Eiji Minami, and Haruo Kawamoto. 2020. “Carbonization of Cellulose Cell Wall Evaluated with Ultraviolet Microscopy.” RSC Advances 10 (13): 7460–67. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra09435k. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA09435K

Oliveira, Ivo, Dennis Blöhse, and Hans Günter Ramke. 2013. “Hydrothermal Carbonization of Agricultural Residues.” Bioresource Technology 142 (August): 138–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.125

Oyelude, Emmanuel O., Johannes A.M. Awudza, and Sylvester K. Twumasi. 2018. “Removal of Malachite Green from Aqueous Solution Using Pulverized Teak Leaf Litter: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies.” Chemistry Central Journal 12 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-018-0448-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-018-0448-8

Pachas, A. N.A., S. Sakanphet, S. Midgley, and M. Dieters. 2019. “Teak (Tectona Grandis) Silviculture and Research: Applications for Smallholders in Lao PDR.” Australian Forestry 82 (sup1): 94–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2019.1610215. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2019.1610215

Palanisamy, K., Maheshwar Hegde, and Jae-Seon Yi. 2009. “Teak (Tectona Grandis Linn. f.): A Renowned Commercial Timber Species.” Journal of Forest and Environmental Science 25 (1): 1–24.

Pauline, A. Leena, and Kurian Joseph. 2020. “Hydrothermal Carbonization of Organic Wastes to Carbonaceous Solid Fuel – A Review of Mechanisms and Process Parameters.” Fuel 279 (July): 118472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118472

Ramke, Hans-Günter, Dennis Blöhse, Hans-Joachim Lehmann, Joachim Fettig, and Professor Dr-Ing Hans-Günter Ramke. 2009. “Hydrothermal Carbonization of Organic Waste.”

Sevilla, Marta, Juan Antonio Maciá-Agulló, and Antonio B. Fuertes. 2011. “Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass as a Route for the Sequestration of CO2: Chemical and Structural Properties of the Carbonized Products.” Biomass and Bioenergy 35 (7): 3152–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.04.032. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.04.032

Sharma, Hari Bhakta, and Brajesh K. Dubey. 2020. “Co-Hydrothermal Carbonization of Food Waste with Yard Waste for Solid Biofuel Production: Hydrochar Characterization and Its Pelletization.” Waste Management 118: 521–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.009

Sharma, Hari Bhakta, Sagarika Panigrahi, and Brajesh K. Dubey. 2019. “Hydrothermal Carbonization of Yard Waste for Solid Bio-Fuel Production: Study on Combustion Kinetic, Energy Properties, Grindability and Flowability of Hydrochar.” Waste Management 91: 108–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.056. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.056

Sharma, Hari Bhakta, Ajit K. Sarmah, and Brajesh Dubey. 2020. “Hydrothermal Carbonization of Renewable Waste Biomass for Solid Biofuel Production: A Discussion on Process Mechanism, the Influence of Process Parameters, Environmental Performance and Fuel Properties of Hydrochar.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 123 (May 2019): 109761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109761. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109761

Singhvi, Mamata S., and Digambar V. Gokhale. 2019. “Lignocellulosic Biomass: Hurdles and Challenges in Its Valorization.” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 103 (23–24): 9305–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10212-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10212-7

Sreejesh KK, Thomas TP, Rugmini P, Prasanth KM, and Kripa PK. 2012. “Carbon Sequestration Potential of Teak (Tectona Grandis) Plantations in Kerala.” Research Journal of Recent Sciences Res.J.Recent.Sci 2: 167–70.

Tarasov, Dmitry, Mathew Leitch, and Pedram Fatehi. 2018. “Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes: Properties, Applications, Analyses, and Methods of Extraction: A Review.” Biotechnology for Biofuels 11 (1): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1262-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1262-1

Tewari, Vindhya Prasad, Juan Gabriel Álvarez-González, and Oscar García. 2014. “Developing a Dynamic Growth Model for Teak Plantations in India.” Forest Ecosystems 1 (1): 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/2197-5620-1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/2197-5620-1-9

Wang, Tengfei, Yunbo Zhai, Yun Zhu, Caiting Li, and Guangming Zeng. 2018. “A Review of the Hydrothermal Carbonization of Biomass Waste for Hydrochar Formation: Process Conditions, Fundamentals, and Physicochemical Properties.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 90 (February): 223–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.071. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.071

Wang, Tengfei, Yunbo Zhai, Yun Zhu, Chuan Peng, Bibo Xu, Tao Wang, Caiting Li, and Guangming Zeng. 2017. “Acetic Acid and Sodium Hydroxide-Aided Hydrothermal Carbonization of Woody Biomass for Enhanced Pelletization and Fuel Properties.” Energy and Fuels 31 (11): 12200–208. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01881. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b01881

Wiboonsirikul, Jintana, and Shuji Adachi. 2008. “Extraction of Functional Substances from Agricultural Products or By-Products by Subcritical Water Treatment.” Food Science and Technology Research. Japanese Society for Food Science and Technology. https://doi.org/10.3136/fstr.14.319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3136/fstr.14.319

Yao, Zhongliang, and Xiaoqian Ma. 2018. “Characteristics of Co-Hydrothermal Carbonization on Polyvinyl Chloride Wastes with Bamboo.” Bioresource Technology 247 (September): 302–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.098. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.098

Zhang, Junhua, Junke Li, Yanjun Tang, and Guoxin Xue. 2013. “Rapid Method for the Determination of 5- Hydroxymethyl furfural and Levulinic Acid Using a Double-Wavelength Uv Spectroscopy.” The Scientific World Journal 2013 (Ic). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/506329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/506329

Zhang, Nan, Guangwei Wang, Jianliang Zhang, Xiaojun Ning, Yanjiang Li, Wang Liang, and Chuan Wang. 2020. “Study on Co-Combustion Characteristics of Hydrochar and Anthracite Coal.” Journal of the Energy Institute 93 (3): 1125–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2019.10.006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2019.10.006