Systemic Induction of Defense Enzymes by Rhizosphere Microbes in Cocoa Seedlings
Authors
-
Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional Station, Vittal 574243, Karnataka ,IN
C. Kannan -
Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional Station, Vittal 574243, Karnataka ,INM. Karthik
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2009/3699Keywords:
Induced Resistance, PGPR, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma viride, Rhizosphere, Biocontrol.Abstract
Certain rhizosphere organisms called plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are capable of inducing systemic defense in plants by enhancing the activity of defense enzymes produced in the plant system. In an experiment conducted in pot cultured seedlings of cocoa, three biocontrol agents, viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma viride, were able to promote the activity of the defense enzymes (called PR proteins), viz., peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, phenyl alanine ammonia lyase, catalase and chitinase in the plants when applied in the soil. The results showed that the biocontrol agents varied in their ability to activate different enzymes and sustain their persistence in the seedlings, P. fluorescens being the best in inducing the defense enzymes.
Downloads
Metrics
References
Boller, T. and Mauch, F. 1988. Colorimetric assayfor chitinase. Methods in Enzymology,161: 430–435.
Borneman, J. and Becker, J. O. 2007. Identifyingmicroorganisms involved in specific pathogensuppression in soil. Annual Review ofPhytopathology, 45:153–172.
Bostock, R. M. 1999. Signal conflicts and synergies ininduced resistance to multiple attackers. Physiologyand Molecular Plant Pathology, 55: 99–109.
Chen, C., Belanger, R., Benhamou, N. and Paultiz,T. C. 2000. Defense enzymes induced incucumber roots by treatment with plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Pythiumaphanidermatum. Physiology and MolecularPlant Pathology, 56: 13–23.
DCCD, 2009. http://www.dacnet.nic.in/cashewcocoa/stat2.htm#Area.
Dickerson, D. P., Pascholati, S. F., Hagerman, A. E., Butler,L. G. and Nicholson, R. L. 1984. Phenylalanineammonia-lyase and hydroxy cinnamate: CoAligase in maize mesocotyls inoculated withHelminthosporium maydis or Helminthosporiumcarbonum. Physiological Plant Pathology,25: 111–123.
Diffco Manual. 1953. Diffco laboratories, Inc., Detroit,Michigan. Dingra, O. D. and Sinclair, B. J. 1995. Biological control,pp. 287–305. In: Basic plant pathology methods. 2nd Edition, CRC Press, 452 p.
Elad, Y., Chet, I. and Henis, Y. 1981. A selective mediumfor .improving quantitative isolation ofTrichoderma spp. from soil. Phytoparasitica, 9: 59–67.
Hammerschmidt, R., Nuckles, E. M. and Kuc, J. 1982. Association of enhanced peroxidase activitywith induced systemic resistance of cucumber toColletotrichum lagenarium. Physiological PlantPathology, 20: 73–82.
Kannan, C., Karthik, M. and Priya, K. 2009. Lasiodiplodiatheobromae causes a damaging dieback of cocoain India. Plant Pathology (In press).
Karthikeyan, M., Radika, K., Mathiyazhagan, S.,Bhaskaran, R., Samiyappan, R. and Velazhahan,R. 2006. Induction of phenolics and defenserelated enzymes in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)roots treated with biocontrol agents. BrazilianJournal of Plant Pathology, 18: 367–377.
Kerry, B. R. 2000. Rhizosphere interactions and theexploitation of microbial agents for the biologicalcontrol of plant pathogenic fungi. Annual Reviewof Phytopathology, 38: 423–441.
Krause, M. S., De Ceuster, T. J. J., Tiquia, S. M., Michel, F. C., Jr., Madden, L. V., and Hoitink, H. A. J. 2003. Isolation and characterization of rhizobacteriafrom composts that suppress the severity ofbacterial leaf spot of radish. Phytopathology,93: 1292–1300.
Krieg, N. R. and Holt, J. G. 1984. Bergey's Manual ofSystematic Bacteriology, Vol. I. 9th ed., TheWilliams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore.
Meyer, U. M., Spotts, R. A. and Dewey, F. M. 2000. Detection and quantification of Botrytis cineraby ELISA in pear stems in cold storage. PlantDisease, 84: 1099–1103.
Rifai, M. A. 1969. A revision of the genus Trichoderma. Mycological Papers 116. CommonwealthMycological Institute, Association of AppliedBiologists, Kew, Surrey, England.
Roiger, D. J. and Jeffers, S. N. 1991. Evaluation ofTrichoderma spp. for biological control ofPhytophthora crown and root rot of apple seedlings. Phytopathology, 81: 910–917.
Utkhede, R. S. 1984. Antagonism of isolates of Bacillussubtilis to Phytophthora cactorum. CanadianJournal of Botany, 62: 1032–1035.
Van Loon, L. C. 1997. Induced resistance in plants and therole of pathogenesis–related proteins. EuropeanJournal of Plant Pathology, 103: 753–765.
Van Loon, L. C., Bakker, P. A. H. M., and Pietrse, C. M. J. 1998. Systemic resistance induced by rhizospherebacteria. Annual Review of Phytopathology,36: 453–483.
Viswanathan, R. and Samiyappan, R. 2001. Antifungalactivity of chitinases produced by some fluorescentpseudomonads against Colletotrichum falcatumWent causing red rot disease in sugarcane. Microbiological Research, 155: 309–314.
